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Repurposing of FDA-approved drugs against cancer - focus on metastasis. Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. An unprecedented wealth of biological data has been generated by the human genome project and sequencing projects in other organisms.
The huge demand for analysis and interpretation of these data is being managed by the evolving science of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics is defined as the application of tools of computation and analysis to the capture and interpretation of biological data. Bioinformatics is essential for management of data in modern biology and medicine. This paper describes the main tools of the bioinformatician and discusses how they are being used to interpret biological data and to further understanding of disease.
The potential clinical applications of these data in drug discovery and development are also discussed. Bioinformatics is the application of tools of computation and analysis to the capture and interpretation of biological data.
The bioinformatics toolbox includes computer software programs such as BLAST and Ensembl, which depend on the availability of the internet. Analysis of genome sequence data, particularly the analysis of the human genome project, is one of the main achievements of bioinformatics to date. Prospects in the field of bioinformatics include its future contribution to functional understanding of the human genome, leading to enhanced discovery of drug targets and individualised therapy.
This article is based on personal experience in bioinformatics and on selected articles in recent issues of Nature Genetics , Nature Genetics Reviews , Nature Medicine , and Science. Key terms including bioinformatics, comparative and functional genomics, proteomics, microarray, disease, and medicine were used to search for relevant articles in the peer reviewed scientific literature.
Last year it was announced that the entire human genome had been mapped as a result of the efforts of the worldwide human genome project and a private genomic company. The analysis of the emerging genomic sequence data and the human genome project is a landmark achievement for bioinformatics. Other bacterial genomes, such as those of Mycoplasma genitalium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis , were sequenced soon after, 4 , 5 and the sequence of the plague bacterium Yersinia pestis was recently completed.
Sequencing of several other species, including zebrafish, pufferfish, mouse, rat, and non-human primates, are either under way or nearing completion by both private and public sequencing initiatives.
As a result of comparative genomic and proteomic research, we will soon be able to not only locate each human gene but also fully understand its function. National Center for Biotechnology Information www. National Center for Genome Resources www. Genbank www. Unigene www. European Bioinformatic Institute www. Ensembl www. BioInform www. International Society for Computational Biology www.
The main tools of a bioinformatician are computer software programs and the internet. A fundamental activity is sequence analysis of DNA and proteins using various programs and databases available on the world wide web.
Anyone, from clinicians to molecular biologists, with access to the internet and relevant websites can now freely discover the composition of biological molecules such as nucleic acids and proteins by using basic bioinformatic tools.
This does not imply that handling and analysis of raw genomic data can easily be carried out by all. Bioinformatics is an evolving discipline, and expert bioinformaticians now use complex software programs for retrieving, sorting out, analysing, predicting, and storing DNA and protein sequence data. Large commercial enterprises such as pharmaceutical companies employ bioinformaticians to perform and maintain the large scale and complicated bioinformatic needs of these industries.
With an ever-increasing need for constant input from bioinformatic experts, most biomedical laboratories may soon have their own in-house bioinformatician.
The individual researcher, beyond a basic acquisition and analysis of simple data, would certainly need external bioinformatic advice for any complex analysis. The growth of bioinformatics has been a global venture, creating computer networks that have allowed easy access to biological data and enabled the development of software programs for effortless analysis. Multiple international projects aimed at providing gene and protein databases are available freely to the whole scientific community via the internet.
The escalating amount of data from the genome projects has necessitated computer databases that feature rapid assimilation, usable formats and algorithm software programs for efficient management of biological data.
However, a growing number of databases that contain helpful information for clinicians and researchers are available. Information provided by most of these databases is free of charge to academics, although some sites require subscription and industrial users pay a licence fee for particular sites. Examples range from sites providing comprehensive descriptions of clinical disorders, listing disease susceptibility genetic mutations and polymorphisms, to those enabling a search for disease genes given a DNA sequence box.
The easiest way to identify databases is by searching for bioinformatic tools and databases in any one of the commonly used search engines.
Another way to identify bioinformatic sources is through database links and searchable indexes provided by one of the major public databases. For example, the National Center for Biotechnology Information www. The quality and reliability of databases vary; certainly some of the better known and more established ones, such as those above, are superior to others.
Ensembl website: a genomic data search facility freely available on the internet. Olah, and Tudor I. Ivanov, Alexander V. Veselovsky, Alexander V. Dubanov, and Vladlen S. E-Book Description.
Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery PDF Free Download A collection of readily reproducible bioinformatic methods to advance the drug discovery process from gene identification to protein modeling to the identification of specific drug candidates. E-Book Details. Conclusions: In summary, the data may produce new insights regarding OC pathogenesis and treatment.
Hub genes and candidate drugs may improve individualized diagnosis and therapy for OC in future.
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