For instance, the following analyses focused on each type of abuse sequence by itself. This allows researchers and investigators to refine their search parameters and to begin narrowing in on particular sequences based on evidence or interests. There was also evidence of overkill, and in all cases where overkill occurred, the body had been left at the crime scene.
State transition diagram for physical abuse, typology, and crime scene behaviour. State transition diagram for psychological abuse, typology, and crime scene behaviour. Unlike the other types of abuse, sexual abuse was linked to all four typologies see Figure 4.
State transition diagram for sexual abuse, typology, and crime scene behaviour. State transition diagram for typology and crime scene behaviour following experience of psychological, physical, and sexual abuse.
The outcome is an insight into the sequential chains that different types of abuse result in for an individual. Within the current dataset, results indicate that different types of abuse affect later typologies and murder behaviours. Previous literature suggests that early physical abuse leads to later aggression and violence Widom, Current results partially supported this.
For example, mutilation, torture, and binding the victim were more typical of serial killers who had experienced sexual abuse. Furthermore, those who had been sexually abused rarely showed evidence of overkill, and the murders tended to be carried out quickly. This was not the case for both physical and psychological abuse, as both showed evidence of overkill.
Furthermore, all recorded murders were carried out quickly by those who were classified as motivated by power. There was also no evidence of any torture, mutilation, or overkill. Therefore, killers see the act of killing as a necessity, rather than obtaining any enjoyment out of the kill, per se.
In these killings, there is, therefore, no unnecessary means of killing, infliction of unnecessary pain, or evidence of enjoyment. There was also no evidence of overkill in any of the cases, although torture was commonly used. This suggests a correlation with sexual behaviour and a need to inflict pain.
Additionally, results are incongruent with previous literature on typologies, as there was no consistent pattern for method of killing and disposal of the body within each typology. Thus, the reliability of isolated typologies is less mutually exclusive than previously believed, and more attention should be paid to what factors influence specific methods of killing than to the motivations of individual offenders. Indeed, it may be that the cross-sectional approach to typology defining could be developed to include temporal dimensions.
The current analytical method can be used to show linkages between behaviours and events, over time, which may provide investigators with a clearer understand and method for developing typologies. A limitation of the current research is the potential influence of additional life events that may intervene in the current diagrams, as these were not available to be analysed.
Given the nature of the coding and behaviour sequence analysis, future research can be added directly to the current data to extend the sequence pattern, and other influential factors can be added. Indeed, this research marks the beginning of a new framework for understanding life histories and behaviours of serial killers, which can be developed and expanded. Future research should aim to fill in the gaps between childhood abuse and other life events leading up to the first murder, and then further murders.
The methods and statistics are open to additions being imputed into the sequences at later times, to develop more complex sequential chains. Therefore, overall behaviours across murders are presented in the current dataset. While we acknowledge this is a limitation of the study, it still indicates typical crime scene behaviours for each individual killer.
This article has been republished with minor changes. These changes do not impact the academic content of the article. Abbie Marono has declared no conflicts of interest. Sasha Reid has declared no conflicts of interest. Enzo Yaksic has declared no conflicts of interest.
David Keatley has declared no conflicts of interest. This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Psychiatr Psychol Law v. Psychiatr Psychol Law. Published online Feb 6.
Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Email: ua. Key words: behaviour sequence analysis, crime, homicide, profiling, serial killer.
Present study The present study uses a BSA approach to investigate the effects of different types of early childhood abuse physical, psychological, and sexual abuse on later serial killings.
Methods Sample An all-male sample of serial killers with a documented history of childhood abuse was collected. Coding procedure The sample was split according to the type of abuse experienced in childhood.
Statistical analysis After data were coded into chains of discrete behaviours and categories, data were entered into the statistical software R R Core Team, and analysed using a behaviour sequence analysis program developed by the researchers. Results The main stage of BSA is to focus on the transitions between pairs of behaviours.
Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Sexualabuse Unlike the other types of abuse, sexual abuse was linked to all four typologies see Figure 4. Figure 4. Figure 5. Notes 1 It is possible that other, unmeasured variables play an important role in the sequence; however, the current research is presented as a framework foundation on which more complex sequences can be built in the future. Correction Statement This article has been republished with minor changes.
Ethical standards Declaration of conflicts of interest Abbie Marono has declared no conflicts of interest. Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. References Beale, D. Temporal architecture of violent incidents. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology , 3 1 , 65— Patterns of interaction in police interviews: The role of cultural dependency. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 37 8 , — Immediate and Long-Term impacts of child sexual abuse.
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