These include hand rubs, hand washes, and skin preparations. Some are also available over the counter OTC for In regards to other antiseptics, chlorhexidine applied on a cotton pellet and burnished against machined surface has shown a Selection and Use of Disinfectants 1. Bactericidal - chemical agents capable of killing bacteria. Similarly agents that are virucidal, fungicidal or sporicidal are agents capable of killing these organisms. Many types of quaternary ammonium compounds are used as mixtures and often in combination with other germicides, such as alcohols.
They have good activity against some vegetative bacteria and lipid-containing viruses. Certain types e. Finally, another type of chemical antiseptic that is also commonly used is known as chlorhexidine. It is a chemical antiseptic that is Start studying Disinfectants and Antiseptics. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Table 1. This includes aldehydes, alcohols, halogens, peroxides, quaternary ammonium compounds, and phenolic compounds see Table 2.
Table 2. Certain liquid chemical sterilizers intended for use on critical or semicritical medical devices are defined and regulated by the U. Use of antiseptics to disinfect hands has been shown to be more effective than soap and water in reducing the counts of bacteria on the skin; repeated antiseptic use further reduces these counts.
These principles may be applied to clean-room operators in the pharmaceutical industry. In practice, the plots show a more sigmoid curve with a slower initial reduction in numbers followed by an increasing rate with respect to time.
As with a first-order chemical reaction, the same concentration of disinfectant reduces the number of organisms more rapidly at elevated temperatures. Further evidence that a first-order reaction is an inadequate description of disinfection is that the Q10 values for chemical and enzyme reactions are 2 to 3, while the common disinfectants phenol and alcohol have a Q10 of 4 and 45, respectively.
Critical to the successful employment of disinfectants is an understanding of the effect of disinfectant concentration on microbial reduction. A plot of the log of the time to reduce the microbial population in a standard inoculum to zero against the log of the disinfectant concentration is a straight line with the slope of the line termed the concentration exponent, n.
The wide differences in concentration exponents, n, have practical consequences in picking the use dilution of different disinfectants and in using dilution to neutralize a disinfectant in disinfectant-effectiveness testing and routine microbial monitoring of the manufacturing environment.
For example, mercuric chloride has a concentration exponent of 1, so a 3-fold dilution will reduce the disinfectant activity by 31 or by one-third , while phenol with a concentration exponent of 6 will have a 36 or a fold reduction in disinfectant activity.
Disinfectants with a larger concentration exponent or dilution coefficient rapidly lose activity when diluted. The concentration exponents for some disinfectants are listed in Table 3.
Table 3. Many disinfectants are more active in the ionized form, while others are more active in the nonionized form. The degree of ionization will depend on the pKa of the agent and the pH of the disinfection environment. Table 4. However, the most frequently isolated microorganisms from an environmental monitoring program may be periodically subjected to use dilution testing with the agents used in the disinfection program to confirm their susceptibility.
Companies registering these products must address the chemical composition of their product, include toxicology data to document that their product is safe if used as directed on the label, include efficacy data to document their claims of effectiveness against specific organisms and to support the directions for use provided in the labeling, and provide labeling that reflects the required elements for safe and effective use. While these directions provide valuable information, they may not be helpful in terms of the products' use as disinfectants in a manufacturing environment.
This is considered necessary because critical process steps like disinfection of aseptic processing areas, as required by GMP regulations, need to be validated, and the EPA registration requirements do not address how disinfectants are used in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device industries. For the surface challenge tests, the test organisms are enumerated using swabs, surface rinse, or contact plate methods. Neutralizers that inactivate the disinfectants should be included in either the diluent or microbiological media used for microbial enumeration or both see Table 5.
Additional information on disinfectant neutralization may be found in Validation of Microbial Recovery from Pharmacopeial Articles Table 5. Neutralizing Agents for Common Disinfectants Disinfectant Neutralizing Agent Alcohols Dilution or polysorbate 80 Glutaraldehyde Glycine and sodium bisulfite Sodium hypochlorite Sodium thiosulfate Chlorhexidine Polysorbate 80 and lecithin Mercuric chloride and other mercurials Thioglycolic acid Quaternary ammonium compounds Polysorbate 80 and lecithin Phenolic compounds Dilution or polysorbate 80 and lecithin Universal neutralizer broths may be formulated to contain a range of neutralizing agents.
The efficacy of the neutralizers and their ability to recover inoculated microorganisms from the material should be demonstrated during the use-dilution or surface-challenge studies. Points to remember are that disinfectants are less effective against the higher numbers of microorganisms used in laboratory challenge tests than they are against the numbers that are found in clean rooms see Microbiological Evaluation of Clean Rooms and Other Controlled Environments ; that inocula from the log growth phase that are typically employed in laboratory tests are more resistant, with the exception of spores formed during the static phase, than those from a static or dying culture or stressed organisms in the environment; and that microorganisms may be physically removed during actual disinfectant application in the manufacturing area.
Although not all inclusive, typical challenge organisms that may be employed are listed in Table 6. Table 6. Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics edited by Joseph M. Donate this book to the Internet Archive library. If you own this book, you can mail it to our address below. Not in Library. Want to Read. Check nearby libraries Library. Share this book Facebook. July 31, History.
An edition of Handbook of Disinfectants and Antiseptics This edition was published in by M. Dekker in New York. Written in English — pages. Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics , M.
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